The following data were isolated for each study: authors The two investigatorsĮxtracted the data from the selected studies according to a standardized dataĮxtraction form. The two investigators, and a consensus was reached. However, if there was doubt regarding an article, the article was discussed by The studies were divided between the two investigators for data extraction. To account for in a systematic review, the adjusted results were used andĭiscussed in this article when available.Īfter duplicates were removed, studies identified by the search strategy wereĮxported to an Excel spreadsheet for study selection. Moreover, because these confounding factors are difficult
Nevertheless, in the present systematic review, these factors were notĬonsidered as exclusion criteria instead, they were treated as potentialĬonfounding factors. Previous pregnancies) that could play an important role in the experience of Socioeconomic status, education level, co- or single-parenting, and number of comorbidĬonditions (anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, or substance abuse), It is also important to note that there are many factors (e.g. Systematic and nonsystematic reviews were only accessed to review their Studies that included mothers who received treatment for PPD. Nonsystematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and case studies and (b) The exclusion criteria were as follows: (a) meta-analyses, systematic and That included health (physical or psychological) or social outcomes of PPD in Were possible: PPD vs no PPD, severe PPD vs mild PPD, etc.) and (c) studies Mothers of all ages who suffered from PPD (all combinations of comparison groups The inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) cohort and cross-sectionalĮpidemiological and qualitative individual studies (b) studies that included Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate all the maternalĬonsequences of untreated PPD and its effects on children between 0 and 3 years of Well-established systematic reviews of the overall maternal and/or infant outcomes Mothers’ PPD is untreated, including more weight problems, 18, 19 alcohol and illicit drug use, 20 social relationship problems, 21 breastfeeding problems, 22 or persistent depression 23 compared with women who have received treatment. Nonsystematic and systematic reviews have also explored specific maternal risks when Reported the outcomes of these children from birth to adolescence. Nonsystematic reviews have indicated that the risks to children of untreatedĭepressed mothers (compared to mothers without PPD) include problems such as poorĬognitive functioning, behavioral inhibition, emotional maladjustment, violentīehavior, externalizing disorders, and psychiatric and medical disorders inĪdolescence. Untreated PPD seems to have negative consequences for both infants and mothers. the EPDS,Ĭenter for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), or Beck Depression Heterogeneous study designs or the use of different diagnostic tools (e.g. 8 This tremendous variation in the prevalence of PPD could be explained by Prevalence reported in Pakistan and the highest prevalence in Turkey. In developing countries, the prevalence varies from 5.2% to 74.0%, with the lowest The prevalence of PPD varies from 1.9% to 82.1% in developedĬountries, with the lowest prevalence reported in Germany and the highest prevalence 3, 6 For example, Halbreich and Karkun 7 performed a review of the literature and found a PPD prevalence that variedīetween 0.5% and 60% among countries, as estimated by the self-reported 10-item EPDS Screening measure, and period over which the prevalence is determined. The prevalence of PPD varies substantially depending on the definition of theĭisorder, country, diagnostic tools used, threshold of discrimination chosen for the
Worthlessness or guilt, diminished concentration, irritability, anxiety, and MDD that may be present include depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure inĪctivities, sleep disturbance, appetite disturbance, loss of energy, feelings of In general, PPD occurs within 4 to 6 weeks after childbirth, and symptoms similar to
Screening measure, such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale 2 PPD is also defined symptomatically as exceeding a given threshold on a DSM-IV) defines PPD asĪ specifier for major depressive disorder (MDD).
#FLAMING PEAR FLOOD 2 MANUAL MANUAL#
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. 1 PPD is a serious mental health problem. The postpartum period represents the time of risk for the emergence of maternal Induces sudden and intense changes in a woman’s roles and responsibilities. Pregnancy and childbirth are two major events in a woman’s life.
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